How is "retained earnings" defined?

Retained earnings represent the cumulative amount of net income that a company has retained in the business after distributing dividends to shareholders. This amount reflects the profits that have been reinvested in the company rather than paid out, which can be used for future growth, debt repayment, or other business operations. Retained earnings are an important part of a company's equity section on the balance sheet, indicating how much profit has been reinvested over the years and is critical for assessing the corporate financial health and potential for expansion.

The other choices do not accurately describe retained earnings. Cash held back for investments relates to liquidity management but does not capture the entirety of retained earnings. The total assets available to shareholders refers to overall company assets, which includes liabilities and distinct from retained earnings. Historical profits taken out of the business would contradict the concept of retained earnings, highlighting the focus on profits that remain within the company instead.